Status of Widows
of
Vrindavan and Varanasi
A Comparative Study
By
The Guild of Service
Supported By
National Commission For Women
Research Analysis
Dr. V. Mohini Giri
Ms. Meera Khanna
Research Guidance
Dr. Mala Bhandari
Research Team
Ms. Preetika Pandey
Ms. Jayalaksmi Aiyer
Ms. Bhavna Kansal
Mr. Sailesh Masih
Mr.Vishnu Mohan Rao
Ms. Mariam Ponnachan
PROLOGUE
Since the past several years the Guild of Service has been trying to pinpoint various reasons for the large-scale migration of widows from Bengal. Bengal which worships mother goddess has turned such a blind eye to glaring inequalities; on the one hand, worshipping the mother and on the other hand the callous manner in which Bengal has treated unfortunate mothers who become widows is horrifying.
"Nine years after Roop Kanwar was burnt on her husband's funeral pyre, a trial court in Neem Ka Thana acquitted all the accused". The Indian express of Sunday, October 13, 1996. The practice of Sati, of a woman burning herself on her husband's funeral pyre, is considered an outdated and evil practice, which is forbidden by law. But what about the living widows? Are they better off?
The state of widowhood is a great calamity in a patriarchal and traditional society like India and patriarchy has played the biggest role in the total marginalization of widows.
Table 1.1: Depicting The Effect of Patriarchy
|
Institution |
Women |
Men |
|
Remarriage |
Widow remarriage difficult, almost impossible in case of elderly women and widows with children |
Widowers are encouraged to remarry, do remarry easily |
|
Patrilocality |
Widowed daughter-in-law persuaded or compelled to forego the rights on property and return to parents home |
Men retain the right to reside at and enjoy the parental property |
|
Widowhood |
Widows given secondary status, ill-treated on socio-cultural and religious occasions |
Status of widowers unaffected |
|
Joint Family |
Rights of women circumvented, widows deprived of their legitimate share |
Elder brothers and males benefited at the expense of younger ones and women. |
Deprivation:
As widows, women suffer some of the most severe subjugation of their whole lives. Widowed women are harassed, abused, and denied land and livelihood.
The widows have to face many kinds of deprivation: economic, social, cultural and emotional. Of all the deprivation the economic derivation is the most harmful. The research that has been done shows that household headed by widows suffer dramatic decline in per capita income and that the mortality risk of widowhood was higher for women than men. Among basic causes of their vulnerability are restrictions on the residence, inheritance, remarriage and employment opportunities of widows. The situation of widows in North India is worsened by the system of Patrilocal residence, whereby widows cannot return to their parents' home even though they are often rejected by their in-laws.
There are very limited opportunities for widows living in households without an adult male to engage in income-earning activities. Criticized for being dependent, widows are severely restricted by cultural norms in the kind of self-employment they can undertake to reduce that dependency.
Economic Deprivation: Property Rights of Widows:
Although the Hindu Succession Act 1969 made women eligible to inherit equally with men and some individual states have legislated equality provisions into inheritance law widows are mostly deprived of their legal rights.
Local interpretations of the custom of the caste determine whether or not a widow will be granted some permanent or temporary share of the joint family's land or property.
In rural India land ownership tends to engender the bitterest family disputes - never more intense than when a husband dies. A full account of land inheritance in India would have to distinguish between I) traditional law 2) modern law, and 3) actual practice.
The inheritance rights of the majority of Indian rural widows are governed by actual practice. Practice can differ from village to village, even in the same region and among the same caste.
Patrilocal residence and patrilineal inheritance (the wife goes to live in her husband's village; only males can inherit) is a fundamental source of the poverty and marginalization of Indian widows. Patrilineal inheritance effectively denies widows inheritance rights over their father's property, and their customary and legal rights over their husband's share of family property are often violated. An Indian wife becomes the property of her in-laws family, and when her husband dies they can decide what to give her and how to treat her. Having broken all intimate ties with her birth family, when her husband dies a widow has no freedom to "return" to the parental home, or to her brothers. She remains in her husband's village whether or not her owned land or property.
If there is land, under most caste codes the widow should be allotted some for her needs, but she is not given ownership rights; she cannot mortgage, sell or gift it away. She only has the "use" and very limited rights. If she marries away "going for nata", has no children, is judged to behave badly, she may be sent away.
The reality is that limited as they are, the accepted property rights of widows are often violated in practice. In a Chen study in 1994, 30% of the widows in a study reported serious conflicts over inheritance, land, property, and residence. Conflicts often ended in violence.
Conflicts over land and property are often so bad that brothers-in-law force the widow to leave the village. Conflicts are usually of two types: the brothers-in-law insist on sharecropping or managing the widow's land themselves, or they simply deprive her of her share (often rationalizing their claim by arguing that they spent money on her husband's funeral or on her children's maintenance; they might even bring up the dowry question and say that money was owed). Even if she owns land, she may have no access to wells, ploughs and bullocks.
In their attempts to gain control of land and property, the brothers-in-law may (often abetted by their wives) harass, persecute, beat and torture and even arrange the murder of the widow. Long after the abolition of Sati, there continue to be reported cases of women being forced to kill themselves on the death of their husband, in order for relatives to seize her inheritance.
Cultural, Social and Emotional Deprivation:
Along with economic deprivation, when a woman becomes a widow, stringent moral code is imposed on her, whereby her emotional and physical needs are not taken care of. When the husband is alive she is supposed to deck herself in colorful attire, wear ornaments, wear flowers, put sindoor and kumkum. But after the death of her husband she is doomed to live a life without any of these adornments. Widows are expected to remain in mourning during the remaining part of her life. She is disfigured to the extent of shaving off her hair and wearing white sari. The explanation given to such an act is that the widow should not induce carnal pleasures in another man. She is expected to remain inside the home and is allowed to perform personal pujas only. She is forbidden to take part in any joyful occasion or to attend any family festival because her very presence would be considered as an evil omen.
The patriarchal nature of Indian society vests all economic and social powers in a man. In the name of religion males perpetuate innumerable atrocities against their woman. Even a tottering old man tries to marry after his wife dies. But a young woman rendered a widow is barred from marrying even if she is only in her teens. She has to control her emotions and feelings and live like a recluse all her life and die as a widow. This rule that widow should not remarry is even more atrocious than that of 'Sati', as sati at least puts an end to her tragedy immediately. But if the widow is living, her life is socially, culturally and emotionally dead. She has to live all her life facing the slings and arrows of society as a widow. The laws of the religion, as interpreted by the men in the society, prohibit a widow from remarrying even if she has never experienced the pleasures of a married life.
The higher the caste the more likely it is that the widow remarriage is forbidden. Though remarriage is not forbidden in the religious books as stated earlier that the Rig Veda has a direct connotation on widow remarriage, which is conveniently not read by the religious leaders. Hence even the poorest Brahmin feels indignant at the very suggestion of widow remarriage. The over all probability that a widow will remarry is quite low, perhaps of the order of 15 to 20 percent in India as a whole (Chen, 1994).
There are exceptions: a child widow or a young childless widow may usually remarry. If the widow is very young, her parents may arrange another marriage for her. If they are poor and cannot afford another dowry, the second marriage is often full of problems - the husband may be an elderly widower, a divorcee, or sick and handicapped. In some castes leviratic marriage is practised: the widow is taken by a brother. In some areas of Indian society, a widow chooses not to re-marry but is forced to live with the younger/youngest brother of her deceased husband for "protection", a crime which condemns her to a lifetime of repeated rape.
There is an emerging trend towards prohibiting and discouraging remarriage even in the lower and middle castes as a means of achieving higher social status but most widows interviewed do not wish to remarry. They fear ill treatment in a new family, especially abuse of their children.
The common restrictions on residence, ownership, remarriage and employment place a widow in the most economic, social and physically vulnerable group of women within a given population. A survey highlighted the health problems of the widows. About 45 per cent of the elderly widows suffered from chronic health problems in both rural and urban areas. The percentage of physical immobility due to chronic illness and old age was found to be consistently higher for women than men in all states of the country. The older widows in India today face situations of poverty, malnutrition, poor health care, physical overwork and unhealthy work environments in their younger years. It is estimated that nearly 50 per cent of the population of the elderly widows in this country, are in need of some form of supportive services. An analysis of their problems reveals the following major areas of need namely:
These problems are compounded by age and poverty, and are aggravated further by social and cultural practices. The older widows are subjected to indignity and ill treatment. The specific health problems faced by older widows are eyes, orthopedic problems, back strains and nutrition and in some cases asthma and other respiratory problems. With younger widows, reproductive health problems are major concerns, besides cold, cough, fever and periodical accidents. Personal hygiene of widows both living independently as well as in shelter homes in deplorable. Mental health is also neglected.
To deal with such deplorable situation the widow has to demand her rights and exercise them. To understand her rights she has to be literate, courageous and mobile. She needs to be able to assist her claims along with the males. For a rural widow this is impossible. Her status as a widow prohibits her from leaving the house. She is completely unequipped to deal with the bureaucracy, confront males, strangers and in seeking outside assistance she lays herself open to more abuse and abuse.
During our survey, the majority of the women whom we interviewed were found to be from West Bengal. After having conducted a detailed study of Vrindavan we shifted our attention to Varanasi where at least 10000 out of these 33 million Indian widows reside. We found widows sitting on the banks of the river Ganga at the entrance of the Vishwanath temple holding a small broken bowl in their frail hands begging for alms.
The management of the Dharmshalas at Varanasi were found to be in the hands of a few influential people and very little of the funds that they received by way of donations went to these unfortunate widows. Most widows were asked to attend an evening prayer and spend their time begging on the various ghats, Dashvamedh ghat being a focal point. Our survey showed that none of them received financial assistance from their relations and were completely at the mercy of the Dharmshalas or donors.
Walking along the bank of the river we found hundreds of women some in small groups and some alone begging for their existence. Stronger women among them would be taken as domestic servants and another small group live in religious havens, ashrams or maths but the majority we found lived alone finding shelter where they could under a plastic sheet or a small room on rent. Widows sit on the dirty steps of the Dashvamedh ghat and we found that there were some widows there since the past 25 years waiting for death.
We also found that many of these widows were not from the poorest strata of Indian society. They had frail bodies and tattered clothes but came from well to do families, which could have supported them.
From our survey of 85 women we discovered that a large section approximately 65% women were Brahmins from well to do families. On further questioning many of these we found that it was because they were not welcome in their own homes that they had to come to Vrindavan and Kashi. Spirituality was not the real reason, even though claimed it to be.
We have tried to analyse the situation of widows in Varanasi and compare it with that of the widows of Vrindavan. Mobility in all these religious places is an ongoing process.
Rationale:
There are a few studies on the conditions of widows and widowhood, but most of these studies have examined only the emotional adaptations to bereavement and socio-economic aspect of the problem. There is a need to look into the existing behavior pattern and the material structures of the society that perpetuates the traditional marginalization of widows. The present study was formulated to analyze, understand and document the problems faced by the widows in Vrindavan and Varanasi with reference to rehabilitation home providing boarding, lodging and all the necessary facilities and a boarding houses providing only boarding, to street widows taking refuge in Bhajan Ashrams. The main focus of the study deals with the factors responsible for the predicament of the widows in the three places of refuge in the holy cities of Vrindavan and Varanasi and the motivational factors that lead to an influx of widows to these holy cities. The study also looked into the manner in which they attempt and would like to overcome them.
Methodology:
The study was started in May' 2002. A total sample of 240 widows in Vrindavan and 84 in Varanasi was selected for the study. For collection of information, the entire sample was divided into various categories like widows above seventy years, young widows, etc. Given the nature of information required, the study was structured using qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Sample: Stratified Incidental sampling technique was used to collect data of 240 widows in Vrindavan and Incidental sampling was used for collecting the data in Varanasi on 84 widows. A list of rehabilitation homes and boarding houses in Vrindavan and Varanasi were taken and to give a broader spectrum widows living on the streets were also incorporated as respondents.
Table: Depicting The Distribution Of Respondents Selected For The Study in Vrindavan
|
Rehabilitation Home |
80 |
|
Boarding Home |
80 |
|
Street |
80 |
|
TOTAL |
240 |
Table: Depicting The Distribution Of Respondents Selected For The Study in Varanasi
|
Rehabilitation home |
28 |
|
Boarding house |
28 |
|
Street |
28 |
|
TOTAL |
84 |
Instrument: The present investigation is based on the primary data, consisting of the responses received from the respondents to the schedule. The schedule was first tentatively prepared and presented in a non-sample area as a pilot study to locate the ambiguity and redundancy of questions included therein. The final schedule was prepared after making necessary corrections. It consists of questions to obtain information in the following categories:
Data Collection: A prior appointment at the rehabilitation centre and the widow home was taken, so that the widows could be interviewed. The interview was conducted at the centre and the home. The normal duration of the interview was about 60 minutes. Questions were asked by the researcher in their regional language and the relevant responses were recorded in the schedule. The researcher followed the free conversational style to elicit relevant information. As majority of widows were illiterate hence information were also collected through observation and discussion methods. A rapport was first established with the respondents with the help of sharing some personal experience and confidence building measures. It was noticed that most respondents were free in sharing their experiences. A small token of remembrance was given to each respondent after the interview.
Hypotheses: The following hypotheses were framed to test the research:
Objectives:
The present study was aimed at understanding the different factors causing the migration of widows from West Bengal to Vrindavan and Varanasi. The purpose of the study was divided into three main objectives:
The following research was conducted as one of the actions recommended at the first international conference on widows "Capacity building of marginalized women: Widows" held in New Delhi in February 2002 by the Guild of Service supported by the UNIFEM. At the conference, it was felt that documentation of the status of widows was a vital input in conceiving a project to build their capacities. It is hoped that this research will provide that valuable input.
Study on Widows of Vrindavan and Varanasi:
A comparative insight
The research was conducted among a cross section of respondents staying in rehabilitation homes, boarding houses, and those leading a nomadic existence on the streets of Vrindavan and Varanasi. In the rehabilitation homes the widows were leading a life as akin to a home life as possible. Their daily needs were taken care of, medical care was provided and at the same time there existed a personal bond between the members of the home and those responsible for the efficient functioning of the home. The Boarding houses are on the whole impersonal. Members live as paying guests. Food is provided in some houses, but on the whole the widows have to fend for themselves. Medical care and clothing is not provided for. The precarious existence of the widows on the streets defies imagination. They are absolutely at the mercy of vicissitudes of poverty and old age. By taking a cross section of respondents we have been able to achieve a comparative study of the needs aspirations, degrees of deprivation dimensions of discrimination of the widows. It has also provided an insight into the kind of care that should be made available to them.
An attempt has been made to profile the respondents. In a way this fleshes out the respondents to give a face to the otherwise inanimate figures.23 questions were asked to profile the respondents, 46 questions were asked to probe deeper into the dimensions of discrimination, the deprivation faced, their perceptions of marginilization and consequently reactive suggestions
Analysis of Comparative
data
Profile of respondents
Table 1.1 for Vrindavan indicates that while 7.5% of those living in rehabilitation homes were in the age group 60-69, the corresponding figure for boarding houses was 38.75%. This indicates that while they are physically capable they would like to eke out a living for themselves. This is reinforced by the fact that 41.25% of those on the streets are in the age group 60-69.The flip side is that for the old women who want to fend for themselves there are really very few options where they will be provided with a decent chance to life.52.5% and 42.5% of the widows in rehabilitation homes and boarding houses are in the age group 70-79.This reinforces the fact that as they grow old they require a modicum of support. In the group of those above the age of 80, the rehabilitation homes had 35% while boarding houses had 11.25%. This is indicative that rehabilitation homes give the care essential for the very old that is not possible in the impersonal environment of a boarding house.41.25% of the widows on the streets were in the age group 70-79.That means there is still a need for rehabilitation homes. Many of the widows on the streets possibly cannot access the care of a rehabilitation home or the availability of this kind of care is limited. In the age group 40-49 only 2.5% were found in rehabilitation homes and boarding houses. While they are reasonably active, the widows are capable of fending for themselves. This capability must be channeled to economically empower them with a decent skill rather than limiting their options to exploitative professions. The figures for Varanasi more or less, are similar. As the age increases the number of widows in rehabilitation homes. What is interesting to note is that in comparison to Vrindavan, Varanasi has more widows on the streets. In the age group 50-59, the number of widows on the streets of Varanasi is 21.43%. The corresponding figure in Vrindavan is only 8.75%. It probably indicates that avenues for reasonably young widows are more in Varanasi than in Vrindavan so that they can earn some support. Whether the support is through any exploitative profession or not is another question. On the other hand while widows in the age group 60-69 and 70-79 increased to 41.25% and 41.25% in both cases in Vrindavan, the same figures for Varanasi are 28.57% and 21.43%. Obviously the streets of Varanasi are more hostile to old widows than Vrindavan. Widows in the age group 60-69 and 70-79, the number increases from 14.29% to 42.86% in rehabilitation homes of Varanasi. The corresponding figure in boarding houses shows a different trend. In the same age groups, the figure changes from 32.14% to 28.57%. There is a decrease. Two factors could be responsible for this-the number decreases because the widows have died or and possibly the more probable explanation is that the widows can no longer fend for themselves and prefer the more caring and structured environment of a rehabilitation home.
In table 1.2, for Vrindavan 81.25% of those in rehabilitation homes, 63.7% of those in boarding houses and 66.25% of those on the streets have been married before the age of 20. The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 89.28%, 57.14% and 57.14% respectively. Their age and educational profile does not give them any skill to make them economically independent. It is seen that those who married before the age of 20 had an age difference of more than 10 years from their spouses. This difference is obviously a contributing factor for the higher incidence of widowhood. In the rehabilitation homes only 6.25%, were married between the ages of 20-29. The corresponding figure in boarding houses and in the streets is 25% and 18.35% respectively. The figure as compared to younger widows is fairly less. This does not indicate that the incidence of widowhood is drastically lower in this age group. It rather indicates the fact those who married at a later age had the wherewithal to take care of themselves. This conclusion is supported by the figures for Varanasi.It is also to be noted that those who married at younger ages prefer the security of a rehabilitation home or the boarding house. For example those who married between the age of 10-14, 38.75% and 27.5% lived in either while only 23.75% lived on the streets of Vrindavan. The same is true in Varanasi too. While in the same age group, 39.28% and 35.71% preferred rehabilitation homes or boarding houses, only 14.29% lived on the streets. On the other hand among the widows who had been married at the age of 20-24, only 12.5% opted to fend for themselves on the streets of Vrindavan. But in Varanasi the corresponding figure is 39.29%. This again supports the argument that there are probably more avenues for widows to fend for themselves in Varanasi than in Vrindavan. Possibly the opportunities for widows to access the comfort of a rehabilitation home or a boarding house are fewer in Varanasi than in Vrindavan.
In table 1.3 it is clear that 81.25% of those in rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan were widowed when they were below the age of 19. Despite the fact that they were young widows remarriage was not available to them as an option. Their young age was a disadvantage to them, since they were not educated or empowered to fend for themselves. This is not to say that the older widows are more capable of taking care of themselves. But the fact is an older widow has at least the advantage of experience on her side, which the younger widow lacks. 56.25% of the respondents in both rehabilitation homes and in boarding houses were widowed when they were above the age of 30. The corresponding figure for those on the streets is 43.75%. In Varanasi those widowed above the age of 30 in rehabilitation homes and boarding houses are 57.14% while those on the streets are 42.85%. Women above the age of 30, we can safely assume were mothers of children. Yet they have, on widowhood have been left to fend for themselves. These figures totally contradict the oft-made statement that the family takes care of the widows. If that was true, then how does explain the presence of large numbers of widows in Varanasi and Vrindavan. In comparison it is seen that there are more child widows in Vrindavan than in Varanasi. 4.58% of widows in Vrindavan had been widowed below the age of 15. In Varanasi there is no corresponding figure.
In table 1.4 it is seen that 63.75%, 70% and 46.25% of the respondents in rehabilitation homes, boarding houses and on the streets respectively had been widows for more than 30 years. The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 53.57%, 50% and 85.72% respectively. The 30 years or more has not seen them progressing into any position of strength, rather there has only been a deterioration in her socio economic situation, forcing her to live on the dole from organizations or individuals. While 44.5% of the total number of widows in Vrindavan lived in rehabilitation homes or in boarding houses, 55.4% lived on the streets. In Varanasi 51.78% lived in the rehabilitation homes or boarding houses, and 48.2% lived on the streets. The difference of 7.2% between the two cities is negligible keeping in view the fact that the widows keep changing their residence, depending on their whim and the time of the year. During winter more widows are found in the boarding houses than on the streets. But during the festival season more widows are found on the streets than in rehabilitation homes, since they would like to benefit from the generosity of the pilgrims.
In all the three cases in Vrindavan it is seen that more than half the respondents had an age difference of more than 9 but less than 24 years from their spouses -- 57.5%, 66.25% and 46.25% in rehabilitation homes, boarding houses and on the streets respectively (Table 1.6). The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 32.1%, 32.1% and 42.8% many of the respondents who're now in their seventies were married in the early part of the last century. That is if they were 15 years of age at marriage, their spouses were 30 years or more. The marriage was contracted knowing fully well that physical laws of nature would ensure that the woman would have to live in a widowed status. Yet there has been no attempt to either stop the practice of marrying very young girls, nor an endeavor to provide for her. The patriarchal norm on which society functions are reinforced by such practices. The absolutely supplementary role of the woman is emphasized.
In table 1.7 it is seen that 45% and 55% of those in rehabilitation homes and in boarding houses in Vrindavan, belonged to the Brahmin or Vaishya caste. The breakup is different for Varanasi. 71.43% of those in rehabilitation homes were Brahmins while 28.51% were Vaishyas. The breakup is different for Varanasi. 71.43% of those in rehabilitation homes were Brahmins while 28.51% were Vaishyas. That is 100% of the women belong to the upper caste. Obviously by their birth and by the conceptions and notions attached to their caste, it is quite impossible for them to fend for themselves. In contrast only 10% of the women on the streets of Varanasi were Brahmins and on the other hand 28.75% of those on the street belonged to the Scheduled castes. This indicates a greater resilience among the lower caste to take care of themselves independently. The fact that there are lesser number of Scheduled caste widows in the rehabilitation homes and in boarding houses is probably due to the dynamics of the caste structure. The higher caste widows openly or deviously work towards keeping the lower castes out. Also it is to be kept in mind that lower caste widows per se are in lesser numbers. Among the lower castes, the woman's reproductive and productive role is of vital importance. So on widowhood remarriage is a very real option, or if they are too old then their contribution to the family income is valued. So there are lesser numbers of lower caste widows on the streets left to fend for themselves. This brings us to a vital question. Is birth in a privileged caste an advantage or a disadvantage? Interestingly women of the Vaishya caste were to be found in almost equal numbers in Vrindavan in the rehabilitation homes, boarding houses and on the streets -- 55%, 55% and 57% respectively. Which is indicative of the fact that if not bound by the social implications of caste as the Brahmin widows are, then the women have resilience to independently take care of themselves? So accepted caste norms are obstacles for the women. That is understandable, because caste norms are an extension of the patriarchal power structure. In sharp contrast the figures in Varanasi show that there were practically no lower caste widow in the rehabilitation homes boarding houses or on the streets! This is quite amazing. The only explanation could be that Varanasi has a much stronger caste structure than Vrindavan. It'll be probably be difficult for a lower caste woman to fend for herself in Varanasi.
According to table 1.8, only 8.75% of the widows found begging on the street were literate.91.25% was illiterate. Similarly only 5% of the widows in boarding houses were literate, 95% were illiterate, while in rehabilitation homes as high as 23.75% were literate while 76.25% were illiterate. This reflects the fact that literate widows prefer the rehabilitation home, because it is closest to the dignity of a home. Illiteracy obviously is the greatest obstacle to them ever finding a decent option for themselves. This explains the large number of widows in exploitative professions or begging in the streets. Interestingly the percentage of literate women was larger in Varanasi than in Vrindavan -- 46.43%, 25%, and 42.8% in all the three sections were literate. It is also horrifying to note that 42.8% of the widows despite being literate were found begging on the streets. It does not speak very highly of the efforts made either by the Government or civil society to give these women a decent chance to a life of dignity.
In table 1.9, it is seen that 66.25% and 73.75 % of those residing in rehabilitation homes and in boarding houses of Vrindavan had bank accounts. The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 35.71% and 60.71%. This indicates some small modicum of comfort. On the other hand 73.75% of those on the streets had no bank accounts that is there is nothing to bank upon in the very real eventuality of illness or accident. But in Varanasi only 14.28% were without bank accounts. Interestingly it is to be noted that even though 76.25% of those in rehabilitation home of Vrindavan were illiterate, only 33.75% had no bank accounts. Similarly even though 75percent of those in the boarding houses of Varanasi were illiterate, only 39.29% had no bank accounts. That means the widows though illiterate have made an attempt to provide some security for themselves. This indicates a level of enterprise that can be utilized for empowering them further. Also it is heartening to note that banking as a concept has caught on among the destitute women. Also it should be noted that while only 33.75% of the women in the rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan had no bank accounts, the corresponding figure for Varanasi is 64.29%, almost double. Maybe rehabilitation homes in Varanasi need to take a more proactive role in introducing the banking concept to its members.
If we correlate table 1.10 and 1.9, it is seen that 66.25% of the women in rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan were holding bank accounts. Correspondingly 66.25% were receiving pensions. Similarly 73.75% in boarding houses of Vrindavan were holding bank accounts and 62.5% were receiving old age pension. This close proximity of figures in terms of holding bank accounts and receiving pension benefits is a clear indication that for a majority of the widows pension was the only source of income. This should be a practical pointer to reviewing the pension schemes and making them more adaptable to the times we are living in. On the other hand, 60.71% of the widows in the boarding houses of Varanasi were holding bank accounts, but only 35.71% were receiving old age pension. It indicates that in Varanasi there are probably more opportunities for the widows to support themselves. 45.41% of all the respondents interviewed in Vrindavan were not receiving any old age pension. In Varanasi the figure is 66.66%. That is more than 50% on an average were not in the purview of the care of the state. How can we ensure that old age pension does and will reach the needy? The percentage of those not receiving pensions is higher in Varanasi than in Vrindavan. Possibly the larger size of Varanasi and its sheer unwieldy character makes it difficult to bring the widows under one purview and consequently help them with the logistics of applying for pension benefits. This is being done in Vrindavan, which explains the better average.
If we correlate tables 1.9, 1.10 and 1.11 it is seen that of the respondents in rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan, 66.25% had bank accounts, 66.25% were getting old age pension and 62.5% were holding ration cards. Again in boarding houses of Vrindavan 73.75% had bank accounts, 62.5% were receiving pensions and 81.25% held ration cards. In Varanasi of the respondents in boarding houses, 60.71% had bank accounts, 35.71% were receiving pension and 50% were holding ration cards. The proximity of the figures indicates a pattern. Those with ration cards are in a position to receive pension or vice versa. Those identified by a ration card alone can operate bank accounts. That there is a pattern of identity, reinforced by ration card, pension and bank accounts. The moot question then is what happens to those In Vrindavan who neither receive pension -- 45.4% of the total respondents, nor receive food from the fair price shops -- 39.58%? The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 66.66% and 72.6%. Their plight defies imagination? 62.55% of those on the streets of Vrindavan and 78.57% of those on the streets of Varanasi did not have ration cards. That makes them totally dependent on the dole received from the Bhajan Ashrams, or the mercy of generous pilgrims. Rather a precarious way of living!
Table 1.12 gives the family pattern that forms the background of the respondents. 41.6% of the total respondents of Vrindavan and 28.57% of the total respondents of Varanasi originally belonged to joint families. 58.4% and 71.4% of them in Vrindavan and Varanasi belonged to nuclear families. The difference is not significant, in Vrindavan thus belying the fact that joint families provide a support to the women in times of distress and deprivation. But in Varanasi the difference is considerable. More women belonging to nuclear families have migrated to Varanasi to fend for themselves.
Tables 1.13 and 1.14 throw some light on the marital lives of the respondents. 86.25% of those in rehabilitation homes, 80.09% in boarding houses and 62.59% of those on the streets of Vrindavan declared that they had enjoyed happy married lives. In Varanasi 50% of those in boarding houses and 57.14% of those on the streets stated that they had enjoyed happy married lives. These high figures need to be taken with a pinch of salt. Many of the women belong to the generation for which it is a lasting shame to reveal unsavory facts of their private lives. Secondly they are also governed by the Indian concept of not talking ill of those who are dead. Thirdly the patriarchal framework in which they have been raised does not encourage great expectations in marital lives. Assuming that all the women enjoyed happy married lives, then the moot question is why were they left to fend for themselves without any economic support. Even those who enjoyed a degree of economic comfort before widowhood were left with virtually no financial support. The assumption is that the financial comfort of the widow is not a priority. It is expected that the family members will care for her. This is the ideal situation that reality belies. Accepted customary practices must be reviewed in the context of today's social and economic conditions. Of those who claimed to have had unhappy married lives, 12.5% of the total respondents in Vrindavan and 9.55% in Varanasi claimed that this was due old age of the husband. This could be coupled with the fact that the husband had been married before. In such a situation there is every probability that marital life is unhappy. The conclusion at the end of every statistics that the woman is only a supplementary agent and her comfort or status is not a great priority. Interestingly while only 3.3% of the total respondents in Vrindavan claimed that their status as a second wife contributed to their unhappiness, the corresponding figure in Varanasi is 22.6%. It is difficult to pinpoint any rationale for this difference.
The tables profiling the respondents' family background do succeed in fleshing out the widows. 33.75% of those in rehabilitation homes, 70% of those in boarding houses and 43.74% of those on the streets were married to illiterate men (Table 2.1). These are the figures for Vrindavan. The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 35.71%, 53.37% and 25%. This explains to an extent the poor status of the women on widowhood. Illiterate men are normally married off to illiterate women. The women illiterate themselves are further handicapped by the literacy status of their husbands. Both together compound the dependent status of the women, further emphasized on widowhood.
It is interesting to note that according to table 2.2, 42.5%, 63.75%, 53.75% of those residing in rehabilitation homes, boarding houses, and on the streets of Vrindavan respectively were married to men who worked as laborers on the land. Obviously there was very little to provide for, for old age. This brings us to the question of the financial security of those who are no longer able to toil on the land. It also raises the issue of the importance of the old age pension in the lives of such people. 27.5% of the widows in the rehabilitation homes Vrindavan were married to men who worked for the Government or in the private sector. This indicates that the men were reasonably educated. Despite the benefits and forced saving rules imposed on them (provident fund, etc) the men have not been able to provide a modicum of security for their spouses. On the other hand 35.72% of those in the rehabilitation homes of Varanasi were married to businessmen. Yet no financial security had been provided for the widows. Also it must be noted that more widows of unemployed spouses are to be found in Varanasi than in Vrindavan. In Vrindavan, 1.25%, 5% and 5% in all three sections were married to unemployed men. The corresponding figure in Varanasi is 28.75%, 50%, and 46.43% respectively. Majority of the respondents interviewed belonged to West Bengal. For such women placed under conditions of penury, it was possibly easier to travel to Varanasi than to Vrindavan. This could be the only practical explanation for the figures.
In table 2.3 we can note that 42.5%, 63.75% and 53.75% of the respondents in the three sections of Vrindavan were married to men who were earning between RS. 2000-5000. Assuming that the mean period of widowhood is about 30 years, then on an average the women were widowed in the late 60s or early 70s. During this period, the inflation index being much lower, the indicated income was reasonably enough for an acceptable standard of living. Yet the women have had to resort to the pilgrim towns to eke out a living. Again 27.5% of those in rehabilitation homes and 11.25% of those on the streets of Vrindavan were married to men earning RS 10,000-20,000. Then why have they been reduced to penury? Not all of them been motivated by the religious sentiments. These figures bring out starkly the extremely precarious nature of the woman's existence. It also brings out the tragedy of contrasts in their lives. From living extremely comfortable lives they have been reduced to begging! The larger issue raised is on the dependent status of the women. Everything rests solely on the male member. Also it is to be noted that the majority of the widows in Varanasi were married to men earning below RS 1000 -- 68.71%, 46.43% and 38.29% in all three sections. Does it indicate that more widows belonging to a poorer stratum migrate to Varanasi while those belonging to a more affluent section migrate to Vrindavan?
Table 2.4 further compounds the findings of the previous table. According to this 66.25% and 73.75% of those in rehabilitation homes and boarding houses had been left with some savings by their late husbands. In sharp contrast, 73.75% of those on the streets had no savings at all. In Varanasi the figures are quite horrifying. 85.71%, 100% and 100% in all three sections had no savings left to them by their spouses. Even those backed by some financial comfort needed the security of a rehabilitation home or a boarding house to carry on the business of living. The issue raised is the responsibility of the state and civil society in ensuring a comfortable life for those left destitute.
Table 2.5 gives a further insight into deprivation. 86.25%, 97.5% and 95% 0f the respondents in the three sections in Vrindavan had no house on their name. The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 89.29%, 100% and 100% respectively. This is the crux of their destitution. Most of the widows had no roof to call their own. This compounds the deprivation, since their insecurity forces them to compromise, or barter away their meager savings, merely for being allowed to stay in a home. In fact this was a point that came up in the rehabilitation package given by the Government of India to the widows of the Kargil Operation. It was felt that a roof to call their own was essential to prevent the widows from being exploited by their relatives.
In the Indian psyche the birth of children is seen as an insurance against the future. It is expected that children will take care of their parents, particularly their widowed mothers. It is this expectation that prevents most families from making any legal or financial provision for the women. But the research shows that this concept of children taking care of mothers is not supported by reality. 52.5%, 76.25% and 68.75% in the three sections in Vrindavan had more than one child (Table 2.6). The corresponding figures are 78.55%, 32.14% and 50%. Yet they were forced to move away from their homes to fend for themselves in pilgrim towns. Even assuming that a percentage came motivated by the religious desire of attaining nirvana, the figure is horrifying. Indians constantly tell the world that family ties are very strong in India. The facts seem to contradict this. 68.75% of the women in Vrindavan had children, but were left to beg on the streets! Despite the fact the women had been left to fend for themselves, 50% in boarding homes and 40% on the streets in Vrindavan stated that their children had not turned negative towards them (Table 2.7) On the other hand, a majority of the widows in Varanasi had suffered negative behavior from their children -- 17.86%, 10.71% and 28.57% in all three sections. This forces on to arrive at the conclusion that the level of deprivation among the widows of Varanasi is relatively higher.
A further insight to the behavior of children is given in table 3.2. The figure indicating bad and indifferent behavior to the mother rises when the mother becomes a widow. From 8.75% indicating bad behavior towards mother, it rises to 11.25% when the mother becomes a widow. Similarly indifferent behavior rises from 61.25% to 66.25%. One would think that sympathy for a widowed mother would bring a positive change in the behavior. The widowed status seems to be a catalyst to bad behavior. Interestingly though 30% claimed to have been treated well by their children before widowhood, this figure fell to 22.5% on widowhood. The same trend is seen among the respondents living in boarding houses and on the streets.
Table 3.3 and 3.4 indicates the change in the social status of woman on widowhood. Of the respondents in the rehabilitation homes, 15% claimed that no respect had ever been shown to them as wives. This figure increases to 21.25% on widowhood. Similarly 38.75% claimed that they had evoked respect as wives. But the number falls to 32.75% on widowhood. This trend is seen among the widows living in boarding houses and on the streets. In the Indian society women as it are accorded scant respect Widows fall even lower on the social scale. This reiterates the fact that widows suffer doubly, as widows and as women.
Their social isolation is indicated by the fact that 36.25%, 78.75% and 75% of the respondents of Vrindavan in the three sections claimed that relatives and friends never visited them (Table 3.1.5). The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 17.86%, 32.14% and 67.86%. Abandoned by children, isolated from relatives, and at the receiving end of disrespectful attitudes, 28.75% of those on the street, 20% of those in boarding houses and 13.75% in rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan stated that they were depressed (Table 3.2.1) In the three sections of Varanasi, 89.29%, 92.86% and 96.43% stated that they felt depressed. It is interesting to note that 61.25% 0f those living in rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan stated that they never felt unhappy. This is in contrast to the figure of 7.55 of those in boarding houses and 10% of those on the streets. The figures support the argument that the rehabilitation home is the closest to the comfort of a real home for the destitute woman. This is further emphasized by the fact that 60% of those in rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan never experienced loneliness (Table 3.2.4) in sharp contrast to a mere 3.75% in boarding houses and 13.75% on the streets. On the other hand 100%, 95.43% and 100% in all the three sections of Varanasi experienced loneliness. This makes one wonder as to the better efficiency of the rehabilitation structure in Vrindavan. Maybe this should be the model for capacity building of the widows.
Despite the comfort of the rehabilitation home 26.25% have a sense of insecurity. This figure is higher for those in boarding houses and for those on the streets -- 83.75% and 40% respectively. Surprisingly the figure for the rehabilitation home is higher in Varanasi -- 25%, while in the boarding houses and on the streets it is 14.29% and 3.57%. This sense of insecurity is due to the fact that they are not living in a family over which they have a moral and social right. There is a sense of obligation while living in a rehabilitation home or a boarding house. The widows do feel that they are at the receiving end of a dole. The sense of insecurity is also due to the fact that in a patriarchal society, women are conditioned to associate their sense of security with their relationship with a man. This is reiterated by social norms that gives a woman some status but deprives the widow of everything.
Social insecurity is a consequence of economic disadvantages; for example table 3.3.1 indicates that on widowhood the diet of the women changed to simple food. 66.25%, 83.75% and 92.5% in all the three sections of Vrindavan stated this. In Varanasi 100% in all the sections stated the same thing. Table 3.3.2 shows that 96.25% in rehabilitation homes, 98.75% in boarding houses and 97.5% of those on the streets indicated economic reasons for this change in diet. Every respondent in Varanasi reiterated this too.
It is also interesting to note that changes in life style is not a voluntary choice of most of the respondents, but something that becomes an involuntary decision, motivated more often than not by economic reasons. Only 1.25% respondents in rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan stated that they started wearing simple clothes because of lack of interest (Table 3.4.4) The corresponding figures in boarding houses and on the streets is 3.75% and 5% respectively. But as high as 96.25%, 96.25% and 92.5% in all the three sections cited economic disadvantages for the change in dressing. But in Varanasi all 100% in all the three sections attributed economic reasons for change in dressing habits. So much for the traditional and media generated image of a widow withdrawing totally from worldly desires! Along with the economic reasons is also the social conditioning. From childhood she is conditioned to think that her very purpose of wearing ornaments or dressing up is for the husband. Since she is only an appendage to him, her ornaments actually reflect on his status. Much like the tinkling bells on his favorite cow! 83.75%, 96.25%and 80% in all three sections of Vrindavan did not wear bangles, flowers or the mangalsutra (Table 3.3.8). In Varanasi, the corresponding figures are 100%, 89.29% and 96.43%. The high figures are a good indication of the strength of social conditioning. This conditioning is accepted not so much as a customary practice but as a code that has the strength of religious sanction. According to table 3.3.8 even now 37.5%, 55% and 58.75% in all the three sections of Vrindavan cut their hair in keeping with the code of dressing prescribed for a widow. The figures are higher for those in boarding houses and those on the streets, because the widows have to fend for themselves. With cut hair their widowhood is proclaimed and tends to evoke sympathy. This stands them in good stead, particularly if they are begging on the streets. Secondly many of the widows are given some support by ashrams, which still advocate age-old patriarchal codes. The numbers of those getting their hair cut is lower in rehabilitation homes because they don't have to beg for a living. Secondly the environment in a rehabilitation home empowers them to be slightly free of meaningless social conditioning. In sharp contrast to Vrindavan, the percentage of widows getting their head shorn in Varanasi is higher -- 100%, 96.43% and 96.43% for all three sections. Obviously Varanasi seems more conservative in the attitude towards widows than Vrindavan.
Table 3.3.4 and 3.3.6 indicates that in Vrindavan while 98.75% in rehabilitation homes attended religious functions, the number fell to 85% in the case of social functions. The corresponding figures for those on the street are 85% to 76.25%. The widow is welcomed at religious functions since she is conditioned to spend the rest of her days in prayer and meditation. On the other hand since she has no social status, she is not welcomed at social functions. In contrast in Varanasi 100% of the respondents attended both religious and social functions. Not only is her social status decimated but she is also considered inauspicious, as table 3.3.7(c) and 3.3.7(d) indicate. 85% of those living in rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan attended marriage ceremonies, but only 58.75% went near the bridal couple. The corresponding figures for those in boarding houses are 12.5% only attended marriage ceremonies, but not one went near the bridal couple. In Varanasi of the 85.71% of respondents in rehabilitation homes who attended marriage ceremonies not one went near the bridal couple. Of the 96.43% of respondents on the streets who attended marriage ceremonies, only 11.35% went near the bridal couple. 1005 of the respondents in Varanasi boarding houses did not attend marriage ceremonies. The widows are conditioned by society to think that they are inauspicious and will bring ill luck to the newly married couple. This is reinforced by the figures of table 3.3.8 -- 38.75%, 100% and 86.25% in all the three sections of Vrindavan were not allowed to enter the marriage mandap. The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 85.71%, 100% and 92.86% in all three sections. The social marginalization seem to be on the same level in both the cities.
Tables 4.7 and 4.8 reflect on the attitude of the widows to remarriage.88.75%. 92.5% and 78.75% categorically state that widows should not remarry. In Varanasi the corresponding figures are 100%, 89.29% and 100% respectively. Very few of them quoted emotional reasons for this (i.e. unable to forget the first husband) 11.25%, 81.25%, 55% in Vrindavan and 53.57%, 42.86%, 92.86% in Varanasi stated that they hate the idea of remarriage. It should actually read as that society does not accept the concept of remarriage of widows and hence conditions them to reject the idea. 12.5%, 8.75%, 22.5% in Vrindavan and 28.58%, 42.86%, 92.86% in Varanasi cite religion as opposed to the idea of remarriage. So it is socio religious norms that prevent remarriage. The higher figures for Varanasi reflect the strong hold of religion on the mindsets of the respondents. Interestingly remarriage was discouraged among the higher castes. This is reinforced by the fact that 100% of those residing in rehabilitation homes and in boarding houses of Vrindavan belong to the upper castes, and more than 88% of them oppose remarriage. But remarriage was never discouraged among the lower castes. Yet a large percentage of them too state their opposition to remarriage, quoting social and religious reasons. This could be an attempt to move upward socially, by emulating the behavior pattern of the upper castes.
As high as 97.5%, 93.5% and 86.25% in all three sections quote religion as a reason for their migration to Vrindavan (Table 4.9). These figures are too high to be true. The corresponding figures for Varanasi are 100%, 85.71% and 100% for all the three sections. Many of the women would like to believe that they came to Vrindavan or Varanasi for purely religious motives. This gives them some small comfort and assuages some of the grief of being uncared for. So they constantly reiterate this motive to make themselves believe in it.
The widows do see a role for the Bhajan Ashrams, as 97.5%, 93.75% and 86.25% (Table 4.10) in all three sections state positively. These ashrams have been their only source of succor before the establishment of rehabilitation homes. Secondly the stint of kirtan that they do at the Bhajan Ashrams gives credibility to their presence in Vrindavan; they have come to attain nirvana and the Bhajan Ashrams help them to achieve this laudable aim. The Bhajan Ashrams are a congregating point for the widows, so as such it serves a social purpose too. It should also be noted that many of the widows have survived for years on the small dole from the Bhajan Ashrams. In Varanasi the Bhajan Ashrams do not function on the scale as in Vrindavan. So comparative figures are not available.
Table 4.10 indicates that a majority of the widows in Varanasi fend for themselves by begging -- 92.86%, 75%, and 100% for all the three sections. Horrifyingly high! This is a clear pointer to NGOs on the nature and extent of capacity building projects that need to be set up in Varanasi.
According to table 4.11, 98.75% of those staying in rehabilitation homes of Vrindavan do not want to go back to their parents' homes. Only 1.25% want to return to their parents' homes. This is in sharp contrast to the 23.75% in boarding homes who would like to return to their parents' homes. Obviously the rehabilitation homes provide a sense of belonging that stops them from longing for the comfort of their parents' homes. Table 4.12 indicates that 100% of those in boarding houses and those on the streets do not want to return to their in laws' homes. The treatment meted out to them in the in laws' home must have been so terrible that even the insecure life on the streets seems to be preferable. In Varanasi 100% of the respondents do not want to return to either their parents' homes or their in laws'. Only a deep-rooted anguish at the discrimination faced in their parental/marital homes could evoke such a strong reaction.
Most of the respondents interviewed are particular on their last rites being conducted in a befitting manner. 76.25% of those in rehabilitation homes were confident that the last rites would be conducted properly. This is due to the sense of belonging that exists among the members of the home. In sharp contrast 97.55% of those in boarding houses and 92.55% of those on the streets are faced with a sense of insecurity. They are not at all sure that their last rites will be conducted in accordance with religious precepts. In Varanasi almost all the respondents interviewed were not sure whether their last rites would be conducted properly.
Table 4.14 is an eye opener. 58.75% of those in rehabilitation homes in Vrindavan feel that social mindsets must change. Comfortably placed, as they are, they do not have to worry over their next meal, they can think in terms of larger issues, like advocating a change in society's attitude towards widows. In sharp contrast 95% of those in boarding homes and 65% of those on the streets feel that eligibility of widows for pension is of paramount importance. For them money is urgent and immediate need, since they are always leading a hand to mouth existence. Not one of them in all the three sections emphasized on the need for vocational training. Certainly an attempt will have to be made to stop them from being mere beneficiaries. Efforts will have to be made to make them independent of doles and work for the dignity of a decent living. Again table 4.15 shows that 62.5% of those in rehabilitation homes would like jobs to made available to them. But 93.75% of those in boarding homes and 81.25% of those on the streets emphasize on the need for pension benefits. The comfort level of the life being led obviously changes priorities.
Research Data Compiled
Of the widows of
Vrindavan and Varanasi
Abbreviated Terms
Vrindavan
Table: 1.1: Depicting the age at present of the widows.
|
AgeRange |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
|
30-39 |
1 |
1.25 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
40-49 |
2 |
2.50 |
2 |
2.5. |
6 |
7.50 |
|
50-59 |
1 |
1.25 |
4 |
5.00 |
7 |
8.75 |
|
60-69 |
6 |
7.50 |
31 |
38.75 |
33 |
41.25 |
|
70-79 |
42 |
52.50 |
34 |
42.50 |
33 |
41.25 |
|
80 and above |
28 |
35.00 |
9 |
11.25 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.1: Depicting the age at present of the widows
|
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
20-29 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
30-39 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
|
40-49 |
1 |
3.57 |
3 |
10.71 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
50-59 |
1 |
3.57 |
3 |
10.71 |
6 |
21.43 |
|
60-69 |
4 |
14.29 |
9 |
32.14 |
7 |
25 |
|
70-79 |
12 |
42.86 |
8 |
28.57 |
8 |
28.57 |
|
80 and above |
10 |
35.71 |
3 |
10.71 |
6 |
21.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.2: Depicting the age at time of marriage
|
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
5-9 |
14 |
17.5 |
13 |
16.25 |
12 |
15.00 |
|
10-14 |
31 |
38.75 |
22 |
27.50 |
19 |
23.75 |
|
15-19 |
20 |
25.00 |
16 |
20.00 |
22 |
27.50 |
|
20-24 |
4 |
5.00 |
12 |
15.00 |
10 |
12.50 |
|
25-29 |
1 |
1.25 |
8 |
10.00 |
5 |
6.25 |
|
30 and above |
10 |
12.5 |
9 |
11.25 |
12 |
15.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.2: Depicting the age at time of marriage of the widows
|
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
5-9 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
10-14 |
11 |
39.28 |
10 |
35.71 |
4 |
14.29 |
|
15-19 |
14 |
50.00 |
6 |
21.43 |
12 |
42.86 |
|
20-24 |
3 |
10.71 |
10 |
35.71 |
11 |
39.29 |
|
25-29 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
1 |
3.56 |
|
30 and above |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Table: 1.3: Depicting the age at time of husband's death
|
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ges |
|
5 – 9 |
1 |
1.25 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.75 |
|
10 – 14 |
6 |
7.50 |
2 |
2.5 |
0 |
0 |
|
15 – 19 |
13 |
16.25 |
4 |
5.00 |
7 |
8.75 |
|
20 – 24 |
11 |
13.75 |
12 |
15.00 |
12 |
15.00 |
|
25 – 29 |
4 |
5.00 |
17 |
21.25 |
5 |
6.25 |
|
30 and above |
45 |
56.25 |
45 |
56.25 |
53 |
66.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.3: Depicting the age at time of husband's death of the widows
|
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house> |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
5 – 9 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
10 – 14 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
15 – 19 |
3 |
10.71 |
3 |
10.71 |
4 |
14.29 |
|
20 – 24 |
4 |
14.29 |
1 |
3.57 |
12 |
42.86 |
|
25 – 29 |
6 |
21.43 |
7 |
25 |
11 |
39.29 |
|
30 and above |
15 |
53.37 |
17 |
60.71 |
1 |
3.56 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
|
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
0-4 |
2 |
2.50 |
2 |
2.50 |
6 |
7.50 |
|
5 – 9 |
2 |
2.50 |
2 |
2.50 |
4 |
5.00 |
|
10 – 14 |
7 |
8.75 |
5 |
6.25 |
9 |
11.25 |
|
15 – 19 |
6 |
7.50 |
4 |
5.00 |
7 |
8.75 |
|
20 – 24 |
6 |
7.50 |
6 |
7.50 |
11 |
13.75 |
|
25 – 29 |
6 |
7.50 |
5 |
6.25 |
6 |
7.50 |
|
30 and above |
51 |
63.75 |
56 |
70.00 |
37 |
46.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
||
|
0-4 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
||
|
5 – 9 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
|
10 – 14 |
3 |
10.71 |
5 |
17.86 |
2 |
7.14 |
||
|
15 – 19 |
3 |
10.71 |
4 |
14.29 |
0 |
0 |
||
|
20 – 24 |
2 |
7.14 |
3 |
10.71 |
2 |
7.14 |
||
|
25 – 29 |
4 |
14.29 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
||
|
30 and above |
15 |
53.57 |
14 |
50 |
24 |
85.72 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
||
Vrindavan
Table: 1.5: Depicting the duration of married life
|
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
0-4 |
1 |
1.25 |
1 |
1.25 |
4 |
5.00 |
|
5 – 9 |
8 |
10.00 |
8 |
10.00 |
11 |
13.75 |
|
10 – 14 |
14 |
17.50 |
18 |
22.50 |
7 |
8.75 |
|
15 – 19 |
6 |
7.50 |
25 |
31.25 |
7 |
8.75 |
|
20 – 24 |
2 |
2.50 |
10 |
12.50 |
11 |
13.75 |
|
25 – 29 |
6 |
7.50 |
4 |
5.00 |
5 |
6.25 |
|
30 and above |
29 |
36.25 |
14 |
17.50 |
34 |
42.50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.5: Depicting the duration of married life of widows
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
0-4 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
|
5 – 9 |
1 |
3.57 |
6 |
21.43 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
10 – 14 |
1 |
3.57 |
4 |
14.29 |
10 |
35.71 |
|
15 – 19 |
8 |
28.57 |
3 |
10.71 |
8 |
28.57 |
|
20 – 24 |
15 |
53.37 |
2 |
7.14 |
2 |
7.15 |
|
25 – 29 |
3 |
10.71 |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
|
30 and above |
0 |
0 |
9 |
32.14 |
7 |
25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.6: Depicting the age difference between spouses
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
0-4 |
6 |
7.50 |
2 |
2.50 |
8 |
10.00 |
|
5 – 9 |
17 |
21.25 |
6 |
7.50 |
21 |
26.25 |
|
10 – 14 |
32 |
40.00 |
28 |
35.00 |
16 |
20.00 |
|
15 – 19 |
14 |
17.50 |
13 |
16.25 |
8 |
10.00 |
|
20 – 24 |
10 |
12.50 |
12 |
15.00 |
13 |
16.25 |
|
25 – 29 |
5 |
6.25 |
6 |
7.50 |
2 |
2.50 |
|
30 and above |
5 |
6.25 |
13 |
16.25 |
12 |
15.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.6: Depicting the age difference between spouses of widows
Age Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
0-4 |
13 |
46.43 |
11 |
35.71 |
5 |
17.86 |
|
5 – 9 |
5 |
17.86 |
7 |
25 |
5 |
17.86 |
|
10 – 14 |
6 |
21.43 |
3 |
10.71 |
6 |
21.43 |
|
15 – 19 |
2 |
7.14 |
4 |
14.29 |
3 |
10.71 |
|
20 – 24 |
1 |
3.57 |
2 |
7.14 |
3 |
10.71 |
|
25 – 29 |
1 |
3.57 |
1 |
3.57 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
30 and above |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
17.86 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.7: Depicting the caste of widows.
Types |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Brahmin |
36 |
45 |
36 |
45 |
8 |
10 |
|
Vaishaya |
44 |
55 |
44 |
55 |
46 |
57.5 |
|
Rajput |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3.75 |
|
Schedule Caste |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
23 |
28.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.7: Depicting the caste of widows
|
Types |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Brahmin |
20 |
71.43 |
16 |
57.14 |
18 |
64.28 |
|
Vaishaya |
8 |
28.51 |
12 |
42.86 |
10 |
35.71 |
|
Rajput |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Scheduled Caste |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.8: Depicting the literacy level of widows
Categories |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Literate |
19 |
23.75 |
4 |
5.00 |
7 |
8.75 |
|
Illiterate |
61 |
76.25 |
76 |
95.00 |
73 |
91.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.8: Depicting the literacy level of widows
Categories |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Literate |
13 |
46.43 |
7 |
25 |
12 |
42.86 |
|
Illiterate |
15 |
53.57 |
21 |
75 |
16 |
57.14 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.9: Depicting the status of bank account of widows
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Present |
53 |
66.25 |
59 |
73.75 |
21 |
26.25 |
|
Not Present |
27 |
33.75 |
21 |
26.25 |
59 |
73.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.9: Depicting the status of bank account of widows
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Present |
10 |
35.71 |
17 |
60.71 |
24 |
85.17 |
|
Not Present |
18 |
64.29 |
11 |
39.29 |
4 |
14.83 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.10: Old age pension of widows
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Receiving |
53 |
66.25 |
50 |
62.50 |
28 |
35.00 |
|
Not Receiving |
27 |
33.75 |
30 |
37.50 |
52 |
65.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.10: Old age pension of widows
Status< |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Receiving |
8 |
28.57 |
10 |
35.71 |
10 |
35.71 |
|
Not Receiving |
20 |
71.43 |
18 |
64.29 |
18 |
64.29 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.11: Depicting the status of ration card
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Present |
50 |
62.50 |
65 |
81.25 |
30 |
37.5 |
|
Not Present |
30 |
37.50 |
15 |
18.75 |
50 |
62.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.11: Depicting the status of ration card
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Present |
3 |
10.71 |
14 |
50 |
6 |
21.43 |
|
Not Present |
25 |
89.29 |
14 |
50 |
22 |
78.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.12: Depicting the type of family system of widows
Type |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Joint Family |
37 |
46.25 |
30 |
37.50 |
33 |
41.25 |
|
Nuclear Family |
43 |
53.75 |
50 |
62.50 |
47 |
58.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.12: Depicting the type of family system of widows
Type |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Joint Family |
12 |
42.86 |
5 |
17.86 |
7 |
25 |
|
Nuclear Family |
16 |
57.14 |
23 |
82.14 |
21 |
75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.13: Depicting the status of married life of widows
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Happy |
69 |
86.25 |
64 |
80.00 |
50 |
62.50 |
|
Unhappy |
11 |
13.75 |
16 |
20.00 |
30 |
37.50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.13: Depicting the status of married life of widows
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Happy |
10 |
35.71 |
14 |
50 |
16 |
57.14 |
|
Unhappy |
18 |
64.29 |
14 |
50 |
12 |
42.86 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 1.14: Depicting the reasons for unhappy married life of widows
Reasons |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Not taking proper care |
2 |
2.50 |
1 |
1.25 |
2 |
2.50 |
|
Much older husband |
4 |
5.00 |
10 |
12.50 |
16 |
20.00 |
|
Husband married before |
4 |
5.0% |
2 |
2.5% |
4 |
5.00 |
|
Several bad habits |
1 |
1.25% |
3 |
3.75% |
8 |
10.00 |
|
Happy Married Life |
69 |
86.25% |
64 |
80% |
50 |
62.50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 1.14: Depicting the reasons for unhappy married life of widows
Reasons |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Not taking proper care |
5 |
17.86 |
1 |
3.57 |
3 |
10.71 |
|
Much older husband |
5 |
17.86 |
2 |
7.14 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Husband married before |
8 |
28.57 |
6 |
21.43 |
5 |
17.85 |
|
Several bad habits |
0 |
0 |
5 |
17.86 |
3 |
10.71 |
|
Happy Married Life or NA |
10 |
35.71 |
14 |
50 |
16 |
57.14 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Table: 2.1: Depicting the educational level of the spouse of widows
Level |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Illiterate |
27 |
33.75 |
56 |
70.00 |
35 |
43.75 |
|
Primary |
7 |
8.75 |
16 |
20.00 |
35 |
43.75 |
|
Secondary |
34 |
42.50 |
7 |
8.75 |
7 |
8.75 |
|
SSLC and higher |
12 |
15.00 |
1 |
1.25 |
3 |
3.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 2.1: Depicting the educational level of the spouse of widows
Level |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Illiterate |
10 |
35.71 |
15 |
53.37 |
7 |
25 |
|
Primary |
13 |
46.43 |
7 |
25 |
19 |
67.85 |
|
Secondary |
5 |
17.86 |
5 |
17.86 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
SSLC and higher |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 2.2: Depicting the occupational status of the spouse of widows
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Land Owner |
4 |
5.00 |
4 |
5.00 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
Business |
12 |
15.00 |
14 |
17.50 |
16 |
20.00 |
|
Land Laborer |
34 |
42.50 |
51 |
63.75 |
43 |
53.75 |
|
Artisan |
4 |
5.00 |
3 |
3.75 |
5 |
6.25 |
|
Govt./Private Employee |
22 |
27.5 |
2 |
2.50 |
9 |
11.25 |
|
No Job |
1 |
1.25 |
4 |
5.00 |
4 |
5.00 |
|
Pandit |
2 |
2.50 |
2 |
2.50 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
Other |
1 |
1.25 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Land Owner |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Business |
10 |
35.71 |
6 |
21.43 |
7 |
25 |
|
Land Laborer |
8 |
28.57 |
6 |
21.43 |
4 |
14.29 |
|
Artisan |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Govt./Private Employee |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
10.71 |
|
No Job |
8 |
28.57 |
14 |
50 |
13 |
46.43 |
|
Pandit |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
Other |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table: 2.3: Depicting the monthly income of the spouses of the widows
Income Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Below 1,000 |
4 |
5.00 |
4 |
5.00 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
1,001 – 2,000 |
12 |
15.00 |
14 |
17.50 |
16 |
20.00 |
|
2,001 – 5,000 |
34 |
42.50 |
51 |
63.75 |
43 |
53.75 |
|
5,001 – 10,000 |
4 |
5.00 |
3 |
3.75 |
5 |
6.25 |
|
10,001 – 20,000 |
22 |
27.50 |
2 |
2.50 |
9 |
11.25 |
|
20,001 and above |
1 |
1.25 |
4 |
5.00 |
4 |
5.00 |
|
Not Fixed |
2 |
2.50 |
2 |
2.50 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
N.A |
1 |
1.25 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table: 2.3: Depicting the monthly income of the spouses of the widows
Income Range |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Below 1,000 |
17 |
60.71 |
13 |
46.43 |
11 |
39.29 |
|
1,001 – 2,000 |
3 |
10.71 |
5 |
17.86 |
4 |
14.29 |
|
2,001 – 5,000 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
|
5,001 – 10,000 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
10,001 – 20,000 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
20,001 and above |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Not Fixed |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
NA |
0 |
0 |
8 |
28.57 |
13 |
46.42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table 2.4: Savings left by deceased husband
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Present |
53 |
66.25 |
59 |
73.75 |
21 |
26.25 |
|
Not Present |
27 |
33.75 |
21 |
26.25 |
59 |
73.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
Table 2.4: Saving left by deceased husband
Status |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Present |
4 |
14.29 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Not Present |
24 |
85.71 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
Table 2.5: Property left by the deceased husband
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Street |
|
|||||
|
Type |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
|
%ages |
|
|
House |
|
11 |
13.75 |
2 |
2.50 |
4 |
5.00 |
|
|
|
|
N |
69 |
86.25 |
78 |
97.50 |
76 |
95.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Land |
Y |
8 |
10.00 |
1 |
1.25 |
3 |
3.75 |
|
|
|
|
N |
72 |
90.00 |
79 |
98.75 |
77 |
96.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
|
||
Varanasi
Table 2.5: Property left by the deceased husband
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Street |
|
|||||
|
Type |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
|
%ages |
|
|
|
House |
Y |
3 |
10.71 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
N |
25 |
89.29 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Land |
Y |
3 |
10.71 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
N |
25 |
89.29 |
27 |
96.43 |
28 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
||
Vrindavan
TABLE 2.6: Depicting the number of children of the widows
|
Number of children |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
0 |
38 |
47.5 |
19 |
23.75 |
25 |
31.25 |
|
1 |
10 |
12.50 |
11 |
13.75 |
8 |
10.00 |
|
2 |
9 |
11.25 |
16 |
20.00 |
10 |
12.50 |
|
3 |
7 |
8.75 |
17 |
21.25 |
11 |
13.75 |
|
4 and above |
16 |
20.00 |
17 |
21.25 |
26 |
32.50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE 2.6: Depicting the number of children of the widows
|
Number of children |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
0 |
4 |
14.29 |
13 |
46.43 |
6 |
21.43 |
|
1 |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
25 |
|
2 |
10 |
35.71 |
5 |
17.86 |
3 |
10.71 |
|
3 |
10 |
35.71 |
4 |
14.29 |
4 |
14.29 |
|
4 and above |
2 |
7.14 |
6 |
21.44 |
8 |
28.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE 2.7: Depicting the negative changes in children behaviour after the death of the husband
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Street |
|||
Status |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Yes |
6 |
7.50 |
19 |
23.75 |
10 |
12.50 |
|
No |
12 |
15.00 |
40 |
50.00 |
32 |
40.00 |
|
Children have no issue |
23 |
28.75 |
6 |
7.50 |
13 |
16.25 |
|
N.A. |
39 |
48.75 |
15 |
18.75 |
25 |
31.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE 2.7: Depicting the negative changes in children behaviour after the death of the husband
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Street |
|||
|
Status |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Y |
5 |
17.86 |
3 |
10.71 |
8 |
28.57 |
|
N |
3 |
10.71 |
1 |
3.57 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
Children have no issue |
16 |
57.14 |
11
|
39.29 |
12 |
42.86 |
|
N.A. |
4 |
14.29 |
13 |
46.43 |
6 |
21.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 2.8: Instances of change in the behavior of children
Instances |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Street |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Not listening to the mother |
1 |
1.25 |
5 |
6.25 |
3 |
3.75 |
|
Behaved as they desired |
3 |
3.75 |
10 |
12.5 |
8 |
10.00 |
|
Married on their own choices |
0 |
0 |
5 |
6.25 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
Lived separately |
1 |
1.25 |
9 |
11.25 |
6 |
7.50 |
|
No help in any work |
2 |
2.50 |
6 |
7.50 |
6 |
7.50 |
|
Children have no issues |
32 |
40.00 |
29 |
36.25 |
39 |
48.75 |
|
N.A. |
41 |
51.25 |
16 |
20.00 |
17 |
21.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 2.8: Instances of change in the behavior of children
Instances |
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Street |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Not listening to the mother |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Behaved as they desired |
5 |
17.86 |
2 |
7.14 |
4 |
14.29 |
|
Married on their own choices |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
Lived separately |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
No help in any work |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Children have no issues |
16 |
57.14 |
12 |
42.86 |
15 |
53.57 |
|
N.A. |
5 |
17.86 |
14 |
50 |
6 |
21.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE 2.9: Reason for change in children's activities
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Lack of adequate finance, unable to satisfy their needs |
6 |
7.50 |
5 |
6.25 |
17 |
21.25 |
|
Unable to check over their activities without a male member |
2 |
2.50 |
21 |
26.25 |
5 |
6.25 |
|
Bad Companies |
0 |
0 |
6 |
7.50 |
3 |
3.75 |
|
Not Changed |
32 |
40.00 |
32 |
40.00 |
38 |
47.50 |
|
NA |
40 |
50.00 |
16 |
20.00 |
17 |
21.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE 2.9: Reasons for change in children's activities
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Lack of adequate finance, unable to satisfy their needs |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
17.86 |
|
Unable to check over their activities without a male member |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
Bad Companies |
5 |
17.86 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
Not Changed |
16 |
57.14 |
13 |
46.43 |
17 |
60.71 |
|
NA |
7 |
25 |
13 |
46.43 |
6 |
21.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 3.1: Expenses most difficult to meet.
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Medical |
0 |
0 |
8 |
10 |
16 |
20 |
|
Food /Clothing |
0 |
0 |
16 |
20 |
19 |
23.75 |
|
Education of Children |
36 |
45 |
22 |
27.5 |
16 |
20 |
|
Marriage of Children |
40 |
50 |
25 |
31.25 |
25 |
31.25 |
|
Expenses Met |
4 |
5 |
9 |
11.25 |
4 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.1: Expenses most difficult to meet.
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Medical |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
5 |
17.86 |
|
Food /Clothing |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
Education of Children |
5 |
17.86 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
Marriage of Children |
16 |
57.14 |
13 |
46.43 |
17 |
60.71 |
|
Expenses Met |
7 |
25 |
13 |
46.43 |
6 |
21.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 3.2
PART A: Care provided to the widows before widowhood
PART B: Care provided to the widows after widowhood
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
PART A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bad |
7 |
8.75 |
4 |
5.00 |
14 |
17.5.00 |
|
Indifferent |
49 |
61.25 |
60 |
75.00 |
60 |
75.00 |
|
Well |
24 |
30.00 |
16 |
20.00 |
6 |
7.50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PART B |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bad |
9 |
11.25 |
9 |
11.25 |
23 |
28.75 |
|
Indifferent |
53 |
66.25 |
61 |
86.25 |
54 |
67.50 |
|
Well |
18 |
22.50 |
2 |
2.50 |
3 |
3.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.2
PART A: Care provided to the widows before widowhood
PART B: Care provided to the widows after widowhood
|
|
Rehabilitation Home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
PART : A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bad |
8 |
28.57 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Indifferent |
20 |
71.43 |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
Well |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
PART : B |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bad |
8 |
28.57 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Indifferent |
20 |
71.43 |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
Well |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.2 (C) The extent of respect shown to the widow after widowhood.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
12 |
15.00 |
4 |
5.00 |
13 |
16.25 |
|
Sometime |
37 |
46.25 |
66 |
82.5 |
56 |
70.00 |
|
Always |
31 |
38.75 |
10 |
12.5 |
11 |
13.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.2 (C) The extent of respect shown to the widow before widowhood.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Never |
8 |
28.57 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Sometime |
20 |
71.43 |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
Always |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO 3.2 (D) Did your family respect you after widowhood.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
17 |
21.25 |
16 |
20.00 |
25 |
31.25 |
|
Sometime |
37 |
46.25 |
53 |
66.25 |
46 |
57.50 |
|
Often |
26 |
32.50 |
11 |
13.75 |
9 |
11.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO 3.2 (D) Extent of respect shown after widowhood.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
8 |
28.57 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Sometime |
20 |
71.43 |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
Often |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 3.1.5 Frequency of visits relatives and friends.
|
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
29 |
36.25 |
63 |
78.75 |
60 |
75.00 |
|
Sometime |
40 |
50.00 |
14 |
17.50 |
18 |
22.50 |
|
Often |
11 |
13.75 |
3 |
3.75 |
2 |
2.50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.1.5 Frequency of visits relatives and friends.
|
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
5 |
17.86 |
9 |
32.14 |
19 |
67.86 |
|
Sometime |
23 |
82.14 |
19 |
67.86 |
9 |
32.14 |
|
Often |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
EMOTIONAL DEPRIVATION
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 3.2.1 :How frequently do you feel that you are more unhappy and restless then before.
|
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
49 |
61.25 |
6 |
7.5 |
8 |
10 |
|
Sometimes |
20 |
25 |
58 |
72.5 |
49 |
61.25 |
|
Often |
11 |
13.75 |
16 |
20 |
23 |
28.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.2.1 : How frequently do you feel that you are more unhappy and restless then before.
|
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
1 |
3.57 |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
|
Sometimes |
25 |
89.29 |
26 |
92.86 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
Often |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 3.2.2: How frequently do you lose your temper.
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
28 |
35 |
10 |
12.5 |
31 |
38.75 |
|
Sometimes |
46 |
57.5 |
59 |
73.75 |
45 |
56.25 |
|
Often |
6 |
7.5 |
11 |
13.75 |
4 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.2.2: How frequently do you lose your temper.
|
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
10 |
35.71 |
14 |
50 |
9 |
32.14 |
|
Sometimes |
15 |
53.58 |
13 |
46.43 |
19 |
67.86 |
|
Often |
3 |
10.71 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 3.2.3 How frequently do you suffer from sleepless nights or feel scared at night
|
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
50 |
62.5 |
12 |
15 |
13 |
16.25 |
|
Sometimes |
19 |
23.75 |
58 |
72.5 |
54 |
67.5 |
|
Often |
11 |
13.75 |
10 |
12.5 |
13 |
16.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.2.3: Frequency of the experience of sleepless nights or being scared at night
|
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
3 |
10.71 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
10.71 |
|
Sometimes |
25 |
89.29 |
28 |
100 |
25 |
89.29 |
|
Often |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.2.4: How frequently do you feel lonely even in the presence of members of your family.
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
48 |
60 |
3 |
3.75 |
11 |
13.75 |
|
Sometimes |
20 |
25 |
67 |
83.75 |
51 |
63.75 |
|
Often |
12 |
15 |
10 |
12.5 |
18 |
22.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.2.4: How frequently do you feel lonely even in the presence of members of your family.
|
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Never |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
Sometimes |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
28 |
100 |
|
Often |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.2.5: Reasons for emotional deprivation.
|
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Feeling of insecurity |
21 |
26.25 |
67 |
83.75 |
32 |
40 |
|
Fear of what happens next |
24 |
30 |
6 |
7.5 |
25 |
31.25 |
|
Increased worries |
28 |
35 |
4 |
5 |
20 |
25 |
|
Socio Economic conditions |
3 |
3.75 |
2 |
2.5 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
Poor health or old age |
4 |
5 |
1 |
1.25 |
2 |
2.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.2.5: Reasons for emotional deprivation.
Frequency |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Feeling of insecurity |
7 |
25 |
4 |
14.29 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Fear of what happens next |
10 |
35.71 |
13 |
46.43 |
16 |
57.14 |
|
Increased worries |
11 |
39.29 |
11 |
39.28 |
11 |
39.23 |
|
Socio Economic conditions |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Poor health or old age |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.2.6: Health status after the death of the husband.
|
Status |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Headache |
0 |
0 |
14 |
17.5 |
4 |
5 |
|
Loss of weight |
4 |
5 |
1 |
1.25 |
9 |
11.25 |
|
Falling of hair |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
125 |
|
Depression |
40 |
50 |
41 |
51.25 |
56 |
70 |
|
General dissatisfaction |
36 |
45 |
24 |
30 |
10 |
12.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.2.6: Health status after the death of the husband.
Status |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Headache |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Loss of weight |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Falling of hair |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Depression |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
25 |
89.23 |
|
General dissatisfaction |
0 |
0 |
24 |
30% |
1 |
7.14 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.2.7: Instances of humiliation after death of husband.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Taunting |
7 |
8.75 |
5 |
6.25 |
13 |
16.25 |
|
Ill-treatment |
3 |
3.75 |
21 |
26.25 |
16 |
20 |
|
Beating |
1 |
1.25 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Starving |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
(Va) Treated Warmly |
3 |
3.75 |
13 |
16.25 |
9 |
11.25 |
|
(Vb) No one Misbehaved |
66 |
82.5 |
41 |
51.25 |
41 |
51.25 |
|
N.A |
|
|
|
|
1 |
1.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.2.7: Instances of humiliation after death of husband
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Taunting |
4 |
14.28 |
6 |
21.42 |
8 |
28.57 |
|
Ill-treatment |
4 |
14.28 |
2 |
7.14 |
5 |
17.85 |
|
Beating |
6 |
21.42 |
2 |
7.14 |
3 |
10.71 |
|
Starving |
5 |
17.85 |
6 |
21.42 |
8 |
28.57 |
|
(Va)Treated Warmly |
3 |
10.71 |
2 |
7.14 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
(Vb)No one Misbehaved |
6 |
21.42 |
10 |
35.71 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.2.8: Persons ill treating widow before and after widowhood.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
In-laws |
5 |
6.25 |
15 |
18.75 |
14 |
17.5 |
|
Children |
5 |
6.25 |
3 |
3.75 |
13 |
16.25 |
|
Spouses of children |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Parental |
2 |
2.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Others |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.25 |
5 |
6.25 |
|
No one |
68 |
85 |
61 |
76.25 |
48 |
60 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.2.8: Persons ill treating widow after widowhood
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
In-laws |
8 |
28.57 |
6 |
21.42 |
9 |
32.14 |
|
Children |
1 |
3.57 |
4 |
14.28 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
Spouses of children |
7 |
25.00 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
Parental |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Others |
3 |
10.71 |
8 |
28.57 |
9 |
32.14 |
|
No one |
9 |
32.14 |
12 |
42.85 |
4 |
14.28 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
CULTURAL DEPRIVATION
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 3.3.1: Changes observed in food habits after widowhood.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Simple |
53 |
66.25 |
67 |
83.75 |
74 |
92.5 |
|
Good |
22 |
27.5 |
11 |
13.75 |
6 |
7.5 |
|
Rich |
5 |
6.25 |
2 |
2.5 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.3.1: Changes observed in food habits after widowhood
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Simple |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
Good |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Rich |
0 |
0 |
0 |
00 |
00 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.2: Reasons for changes after widowhood.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Economically unsound / should take simple food |
77 |
96.25 |
79 |
98.75 |
78 |
97.5 |
|
Economically sound / interested |
3 |
3.75 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Lost interest |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.25 |
2 |
2.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.3.2: Reasons for changes after widowhood
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Economically unsound / should take simple food |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
Economically sound / interested |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Lost interest |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.3: Dressing pattern after widowhood.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Simple |
61 |
76.25 |
73 |
91.25 |
69 |
86.25 |
|
Good |
16 |
20 |
7 |
8.75 |
11 |
13.75 |
|
Costly |
3 |
3.75 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.3.3: Dressing pattern after widowhood
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Simple |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
Good |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Costly |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 3.4.4: Reasons for change after widowhood.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Economically not sound should wear simple clothes |
77 |
96.25 |
77 |
96.25 |
74 |
92.5 |
|
Economically sound and started working |
2 |
2.5 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2.5 |
|
Lost interest |
1 |
1.25 |
3 |
3.75 |
4 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.4.4: Reasons for change after widowhood
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Economically not sound should wear simple clothes |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
Economically sound and started working |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Lost interest |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.5: Were you allowed to attend religious functions.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
79 |
98.75 |
41 |
51.25 |
68 |
85 |
|
No |
1 |
1.25 |
39 |
48.75 |
12 |
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3.5: Allowed to attend religious functions
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
25 |
89.28 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
No |
3 |
10.71 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
SOCIAL FUNCTIONS
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.6: (a) Allowed to attend naming Ceremony
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
76 |
85 |
46 |
57.5 |
61 |
76.25 |
|
No |
4 |
5 |
34 |
42.5 |
19 |
23.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 3.3.6: (a) Allowed to attend naming Ceremony
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
No |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.7: (b) Allowed to touch new born baby.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
79 |
98.75 |
45 |
56.25 |
55 |
68.75 |
|
No |
1 |
1.25 |
35 |
43.75 |
25 |
31.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3.7: (b) Allowing to touch new-born baby
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
6 |
21.43 |
7 |
25 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
No |
22 |
78.57 |
21 |
75 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.7: (c) Attended marriage ceremony.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
68 |
85 |
10 |
12.5 |
30 |
37.5 |
|
No |
12 |
15 |
70 |
87.5 |
50 |
62.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3.7: (c) Attended marriage ceremony
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
4 |
14.29 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
No |
24 |
85.71 |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.7: (d) Gone near Bride and Groom.
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
47 |
58.75 |
0 |
0 |
9 |
11.25 |
|
No |
33 |
41.25 |
80 |
100 |
71 |
88.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3.7: (d) Go near the Bride and Groom
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
4 |
2 |
7.14 |
9 |
11.25% |
|
|
No |
24 |
85.71 |
26 |
92.86 |
19 |
67.86 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3 7: (e) Handed over gifts yourself
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
47 |
58.75 |
2 |
2.5 |
6 |
7.5 |
|
No |
33 |
41.25 |
78 |
97.5 |
74 |
92.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3 7: (e) Handed over gifts yourself
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
2 |
7.14 |
4 |
14.29 |
8 |
28.57 |
|
No |
26 |
92.86 |
24 |
85.71 |
20 |
71.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3 8 (a) Wear Simple Clothes
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
33 |
41.25 |
66 |
82.5 |
65 |
81.25 |
|
No |
47 |
58.75 |
14 |
17.5 |
15 |
18.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3 8 (a) Wear Simple Clothes
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
26 |
92.86 |
|
No |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.8 (b) Not to enter kitchen and cook auspicious food
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
53 |
66.25 |
11 |
13.75 |
30 |
37.5 |
|
No |
27 |
33.75 |
69 |
86.25 |
50 |
62.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3.8 (b) Not to enter kitchen and cook auspicious food
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
4 |
14.29 |
2 |
7.14 |
4 |
14.29 |
|
No |
24 |
85.71 |
26 |
92.86 |
24 |
85.71 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.8 (c) Allowed to enter marriage pandal
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
49 |
61.25 |
0 |
0 |
11 |
13.75 |
|
No |
31 |
38.75 |
80 |
80 |
69 |
86.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3.8 (c) Allowed to enter marriage pandal
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
4 |
14.29 |
0 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
|
No |
24 |
85.71 |
28 |
26 |
92.86 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.8 (d) Eat only one meal
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Yes |
27 |
33.75 |
38 |
47.5 |
42 |
52.5 |
|
No |
53 |
66.25 |
42 |
52.5 |
38 |
47.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3.8 (d) Eat only one meal
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
No |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.8. (e) Not wear bangles, flowers, kumkum, mangalsutra
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
13 |
16.25 |
3 |
3.75 |
16 |
20 |
|
No |
67 |
83.75 |
77 |
96.25 |
64 |
80 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3.8. (e) Not wear bangles, flowers, kumkum, mangalsutra
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
0 |
0 |
3 |
10.71 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
No |
28 |
100 |
25 |
89.29 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.3.3.8 (f) Cut Hair
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
30 |
37.5 |
44 |
55 |
47 |
58.75 |
|
No |
50 |
62.5 |
36 |
45 |
33 |
41.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.3.3.8 (f) Cut Hair
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
No |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
REACTIONS
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4.1 Reaction toward the death of the Husband
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Took it as natural |
18 |
22.5 |
31 |
38.75 |
18 |
22.5 |
|
Felt insecure |
6 |
7.5 |
37 |
46.25 |
20 |
25 |
|
Felt depressed |
16 |
20 |
7 |
8.75 |
30 |
37.5 |
|
Shocked |
40 |
50 |
5 |
6.25 |
12 |
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.4.1 Reaction toward the death of the Husband
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Took it as natural |
3 |
10.71 |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
|
Felt insecure |
4 |
14.29 |
2 |
7.14 |
0 |
0 |
|
Felt depressed |
21 |
75 |
24 |
85.72 |
25 |
89.29 |
|
Shocked |
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
10.71 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4 .2 Time taken to get over grief
|
Time |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
0-1 Year |
22 |
27.5 |
39 |
48.75 |
48 |
60 |
|
1 year and above |
58 |
72.5 |
41 |
51.25 |
32 |
40 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 4.2 Time taken to get over grief
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
0-1 Year |
4 |
14.29 |
2 |
7.14 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
1 year and above |
24 |
85.71 |
26 |
92.86 |
26 |
92.86 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 4.3 Were they blamed for the death of the husband
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
3 |
3.75 |
2 |
2.5 |
3 |
3.75 |
|
No |
77 |
96.25 |
78 |
97.5 |
76 |
95 |
|
N.A |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 4.3 Were they blamed for the death of the husband
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
No |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
28 |
100 |
|
N.A. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 4.4 Persons who blamed them for the death of their husbands
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
In-Laws |
3 |
3.75 |
1 |
1.25 |
2 |
2.5 |
|
Relations |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2.5 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
Parents |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
None |
77 |
96.25 |
77 |
96.25 |
77 |
96.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 4.4 Persons who blamed them for the death of their husbands
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
In-Laws |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Relations |
2 |
7.14 |
1 |
3.57 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Parents |
4 |
14.29 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
None |
21 |
75 |
27 |
96.43 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 4.5 Reaction of the children and relatives towards widows
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Disrespect |
2 |
2.5 |
0 |
0 |
13 |
16.25 |
|
Indifferent |
65 |
81.25 |
60 |
75 |
53 |
66.25 |
|
Moderate respect |
8 |
10 |
19 |
23.75 |
12 |
15 |
|
High respect |
5 |
6.25 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
1.25 |
2 |
2.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4. 5 Reaction of the children and relatives towards widows
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Disrespect |
3 |
10.71 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
7.14 |
|
Indifferent |
25 |
89.29 |
28 |
100 |
22 |
78.57 |
|
Moderate respect |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
4 |
14.29 |
|
High respect |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
N.A. |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4 .6 Reaction of society towards them
|
Reaction |
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Disrespect |
1 |
1.25 |
2 |
2.5 |
15 |
18.75 |
|
Indifferent |
55 |
68.75 |
46 |
57.5 |
36 |
45 |
|
Moderate respect |
20 |
25 |
32 |
40 |
29 |
36.25 |
|
High respect |
4 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 4.6 Reaction of society towards them
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Disrespect |
|
|
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Indifferent |
3 |
10.71 |
2 |
7.14 |
4 |
14.29 |
|
Moderate respect |
25 |
89.29 |
26 |
92.86 |
23 |
82.14 |
|
High respect |
|
|
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4.7 Attitude toward widow remarriage. Can widows remarry:
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
9 |
11.25 |
6 |
7.5 |
17 |
21.25 |
|
No |
71 |
88.75 |
74 |
92.5 |
63 |
78.75 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 4.7 Attitude toward widow remarriage. Can widows remarry:
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
0 |
0 |
3 |
10.71 |
0 |
0 |
|
No |
28 |
100 |
25 |
89.29 |
28 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO. 4.8 Reasons for unwillingness to remarry
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Hate this idea |
6 |
11.25 |
65 |
81.25 |
44 |
55 |
|
Religion and society oppose it |
10 |
12.5 |
7 |
8.75 |
18 |
22.5 |
|
Children will be left uncared for |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Unable to forget first husband, cant replace him |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
No one thinks of second marriage |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
N.A |
64 |
80 |
7 |
8.75 |
15 |
18.75 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
1.25 |
1 |
1.25 |
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO. 4.8 Reasons for unwillingness to remarry
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Hate this idea |
15 |
53.57 |
12 |
42.86 |
26 |
92.86 |
|
Religion and society oppose it |
8 |
28.58 |
7 |
25 |
0 |
0 |
|
Children will be left uncared for |
3 |
10.71 |
2 |
7.14 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Unable to forget first husband, cant replace him |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
No one thinks of second marriage |
2 |
7.14 |
7 |
25 |
0 |
0 |
|
N.A |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4 .9 Reasons for coming to Vrindavan
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Ill treatment by in -laws |
0 |
0 |
2 |
2.5 |
0 |
0 |
|
Ill treatment by children |
2 |
2.5 |
3 |
3.75 |
11 |
13.75 |
|
For Religious reasons |
78 |
97.5 |
75 |
93.75 |
69 |
86.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.4 .9 Reasons for coming to Vrindavan
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Ill treatment by in -laws |
0 |
0 |
4 |
14.29 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Ill treatment by children |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
For Religious reasons |
28 |
100 |
24 |
85.71 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4 (10) Can Bhajanshrams be a refugee for widows
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
73 |
91.25 |
78 |
97.5 |
78 |
97.5 |
|
No |
7 |
8.75 |
2 |
2.5 |
2 |
2.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.4 (10) Current occupation of the widows
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Begging |
26 |
92.86 |
21 |
75 |
28 |
100 |
|
Labourer |
2 |
7.14 |
4 |
14.29 |
0 |
0 |
|
Others |
0 |
0 |
3 |
10.71 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4 (11) Would they like to go back to parents house
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
1 |
1.25 |
19 |
23.75 |
0 |
0 |
|
No |
79 |
98.75 |
61 |
76.25 |
80 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.4 (11) Would they like to go back to parents house
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
No |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4 (12) Would they like to go back to Marital Household
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
2 |
2.5 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
No |
78 |
97.5 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.4 (12) Would they like to go back to Marital Household
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Yes |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
No |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4 (13) Perception of death and last rites
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Secured |
61 |
76.25 |
2 |
2.5 |
6 |
7.5 |
|
Insecure |
19 |
23.75 |
78 |
97.5 |
74 |
92.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.4 (13) Perception of death and last rites
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Secured |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
Insecure |
28 |
100 |
27 |
96.43 |
28 |
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28s |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4 (14) Suggestions for welfare of widows
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Remarriage of widows should be encouraged |
9 |
11.25 |
2 |
2.5 |
9 |
11.25 |
|
Poor widows should be given widows pension |
23 |
28.75 |
76 |
95 |
52 |
65 |
|
Society and the people should treat the widow well |
47 |
58.75 |
1 |
1.25 |
16 |
20 |
|
Homes for widows should be established |
1 |
1.25 |
1 |
1.25 |
3 |
3.75 |
|
Free vocational training should be given |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.4 (14) Suggestions for welfare of widows
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Remarriage of widows should be encouraged |
|
|
3 |
10.71 |
1 |
3.57 |
|
Poor widows should be given widows pension |
25 |
89.29 |
23 |
82.14 |
27 |
96.43 |
|
Society and the people should treat the widow well |
3 |
10.71 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
Homes for widows should be established |
0 |
0 |
1 |
3.57 |
0 |
0 |
|
Free vocational training should be given |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Vrindavan
TABLE NO.4 (15) Expectations of widows from Government
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding House |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Provide loans with low interest |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Provide job reservations in government, semi-government and private institutions |
50 |
62.5 |
5 |
6.5 |
5 |
18.75 |
|
Provide adequate pension |
29 |
35.25 |
75 |
93.75 |
65 |
81.25 |
|
Provide Janata Houses |
1 |
1.25 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Other |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
80 |
100 |
Varanasi
TABLE NO.4 (15) Expectations of widows from Government
|
|
Rehabilitation home |
Boarding house |
Streets |
|||
|
|
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
Freq |
%ages |
|
Provide loans with low interest |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Provide job reservations in government, semi-government and private institutions |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
Provide adequate pension |
|
|
4 |
14.29 |
0 |
0 |
|
Provide Janata Houses |
28 |
100 |
24 |
85.71 |
28 |
100 |
|
Other |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOTAL |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
28 |
100 |
Family Background
Practices observed due to widowhood: